Os cientistas mostraram que as chamadas células senescentes, ou seja, células que pararam permanentemente de se dividir, promovem a produção de novas células musculares para promover a regeneração de membros perdidos em salamandras.
As células senescentes, associadas ao envelhecimento e à doença, podem ter propriedades regenerativas. Estudando salamandras, os pesquisadores descobriram que as células senescentes aceleram a regeneração dos membros sinalizando as fibras musculares para se desdiferenciarem, o que poderia levar a novos tratamentos para doenças relacionadas à idade.
Células senescentes são células que pararam permanentemente de se dividir em resposta ao estresse celular, mas não morreram. À medida que os organismos envelhecem, o número de células senescentes no corpo aumenta. Atualmente, esse acúmulo é considerado uma marca registrada do envelhecimento e tem sido associado a uma variedade de doenças, incluindo o câncer. No entanto, a verdadeira natureza dessas células pode ser mais complexa e dependente do contexto.
Um crescente corpo de evidências sugere que as células senescentes também podem ter efeitos benéficos, como cicatrização de feridas ou prevenção de cicatrizes nos tecidos. “Alguns anos atrás, nosso grupo descobriu que células senescentes estavam presentes em estágios-chave da regeneração dos membros das salamandras. Curiosamente, outros grupos descobriram posteriormente essas células em outros contextos de regeneração, inclusive em mamíferos. Portanto, queríamos ver se essas células contribuem de qualquer maneira, ele pode se renovar”, explica a Dra. Maximina Yon, líder do grupo de pesquisa do Centro de Terapias Regenerativas de Dresden (CRTD) e do grupo de Física de Excelência (PoL) da TU Dresden e do Instituto Max Planck em[{” attribute=””>Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG).
Senescent Cells Promote Regeneration
The researchers in Yun’s group study salamanders. These animals have unique regeneration abilities and are able to re-grow many organs of their bodies, including lost limbs. “Salamander limb regeneration is a fascinating process. In a matter of weeks, they re-grow a fully functional limb,” explains Dr. Yun.
To check if the presence of senescent cells influences the limb regeneration process, researchers in the Yun group found a way to modulate the number of senescent cells in the wound. The team observed that the presence of senescent cells enhanced the regeneration process.
“When more senescent cells were present in the wound, the animals developed a larger regeneration bud, or – as we call it – blastema. This is a collection of cells that are going to form all the needed tissues in the new limb. The larger the blastema, the more cells are there to regrow the limb and the quicker the regeneration process. The presence of senescent cells seemed to ‘fuel’ the regeneration process,” Dr. Yun says.
“Zombie” Signaling Promotes New Muscle Cells
Looking more closely at the blastema with and without the influence of the senescent cells, the Yun team uncovered a new mechanism that enhances the regeneration process and found that the presence of senescent cells increased the number of regenerating muscle cells. They showed that senescent cells secrete factors that stimulate nearby muscle tissue to take a developmental step back and produce new muscle.
“Our results show that senescent cells use cell-cell communication to influence the regeneration process. They secrete molecules that signal to mature muscle fibers to dedifferentiate into muscle progenitor cells. These cells can multiply themselves as well as differentiate into new muscle cells, thereby enhancing the regeneration process. This signaling appears to be an important part of promoting regeneration,” says Dr. Yun.
For now, the group focused on muscle, one of the most important tissues in the regenerating limb. However, the team is already investigating whether senescent cell signaling also contributes to the regeneration of other tissues.
Lessons From the Salamanders
Yun’s group is working with salamanders to study regeneration and aging processes. “Salamanders are one of the few animal species that seem to defy the natural aging process. They do not develop typical signs of aging and do not accumulate age-related diseases such as cancer. They also have extraordinary healing abilities,” says Dr. Yun. The animals can regenerate almost any organ in their body.
Studying salamanders is helping Dr. Yun and her colleagues at the CRTD understand the principles of the regeneration process and, in the long run, may help solve the puzzle of why humans have very limited regenerative abilities.
Reference: “Senescent cells enhance newt limb regeneration by promoting muscle dedifferentiation” by Hannah E. Walters, Konstantin E. Troyanovskiy, Alwin M. Graf and Maximina H. Yun, 6 April 2023, Aging Cell.
DOI: 10.1111/acel.13826
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